Which component within a CPU performs arithmetic and logic operations?

The component within a CPU that performs arithmetic and logic operations is the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). The ALU is specialized for handling mathematical calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as logical operations like AND, OR, NOT, and comparisons. This functionality is crucial for executing the instructions provided by programs and is fundamental to the overall processing tasks within the CPU.

The Control Unit orchestrates the operations of the CPU by directing the flow of data between the ALU, memory, and other components, but it does not perform arithmetic or logic functions itself. The Memory Address Register and the Memory Data Register are involved in memory operations, specifically in holding addresses and data during read/write processes; they do not perform calculations or logic operations. Thus, the ALU stands out as the key component responsible for executing the arithmetic and logical tasks essential for processing data and executing programs within the CPU.